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Aerosols play a crucial role in climate forcing and can contribute to both
warming and cooling of the Earth's atmosphere. Black carbon aerosols can
contribute to global warming by absorbing the Sun's radiation and
re-radiating the Sun's energy as infrared radiation that is trapped by the
earth's atmosphere in much the same way that the windshield of an
automobile contributes to a parked automobile heating up in the summer's
sun. Sulfate aerosols, produced from the sulfur dioxide gas that spews out
of a volcano or from the burning of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, reflects
the Sun's radiation out into space and typically cause cooling. Aerosols,
unlike greenhouse gases, have a short lifetime in the atmosphere. After
they are produced they may interact with other atmospheric constituents
including gases, particularly water vapor, other aerosols, and cloud
particles, and are transported by the winds before being removed from the
atmosphere by sedimentation or rainout over periods of order a week.
Because of both natural and anthropogenic events, aerosols are constantly
being replenished and the anthropogenic aerosols, since the beginning of
the industrial age, have been increasing. Aerosol can also play a critical
role in precipitation but again some species of aerosols may increase
precipitation, while others may inhibit precipitation. While it is
recognized that aerosols play a key role, because of the uncertainty of the
composition of the aerosols in the atmosphere there remains great
uncertainty in the effect that atmospheric aerosols have on climate -
hotter or cooler, more rain or less.
In the framework of the Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI) initiated in June 2001 to study areas of uncertainty about global climate change, research on atmospheric concentrations and effects of aerosols is specifically identified as a top priority. One of the activities the CCRI calls out to support this research is improving observations for model development and applications from observing systems. To that end, the Glory mission will deploy an instrument that will help understand the climate-relevant chemical, microphysical, and optical properties, and spatial and temporal distributions of human-caused and naturally occurring aerosols. Specifically, the Glory Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) will be used to determine:
1. The global distribution of natural and anthropogenic aerosols (black carbons, sulfates, etc.) with accuracy and coverage sufficient for reliable quantification of:
2. The direct impact of aerosols on the radiation budget and its natural and anthropogenic components
3. The effect of aerosols on clouds (microphysics and coverage) and its natural and anthropogenic components
4. Investigate the feasibility of improved techniques for the measurement of black carbon and dust absorption to provide more accurate estimates of their contribution to the climate forcing.
In addition to the aerosol science objectives, Glory will provide proof of concept and risk reduction for the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor.
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Mishchenko, M.I., B. Cairns, J.E. Hansen, L.D. Travis, R. Burg, Y.J. Kaufman, J.V. Martins, and E.P. Shettle 2004. Monitoring of aerosol forcing of climate from space: analysis of measurement requirements. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 88, 149-161. (Download PDF, document size 400 KB)
Mishchenko, M. I., B. Cairns, G. Kopp, C. F. Schueler, B. A. Fafaul, J. E. Hansen, R. J. Hooker, T. Itchkawich, H. B. Maring, and L. D. Travis, 2007: Accurate monitoring of terrestrial aerosols and total solar irradiance: introducing the Glory Mission, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 88, 677-691. (Download PDF, document size 5.2 MB)
Travis, L. D. 1992. Remote sensing of aerosols with the Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter. Proc. SPIE 1747, 154-164. (Download PDF, document size 1.5 MB)
Kaufman, Y. J., D. Tanré, and O. Boucher 2002. A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature 419, 215-223. (Download PDF, document size 905 KB)
Mishchenko, M.I., and L.D. Travis 1997. Satellite retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using measurements of reflected sunlight: effect of instrumental errors and aerosol absorption. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13,543-13,553. (Download PDF, document size 2.5 MB)
Mishchenko, M.I., and L.D. Travis 1997. Satellite retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using polarization as well as intensity of reflected sunlight. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16,989-17,013. (Download PDF, document size 5.4 MB)
Mishchenko, M.I., L.D. Travis, W.B. Rossow, B. Cairns, and B.E. Carlson 1997. Retrieving CCN column density from single-channel measurements of reflected sunlight over the ocean: A sensitivity study. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2655-2658. (Download PDF, document size 2.8 MB)
Mishchenko, M.I., B. Cairns, J. Chowdhary, I.V. Geogdzhayev, L. Liu and L.D. Travis 2005. Remote sensing of terrestrial tropospheric aerosols from aircraft and satellites. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 6, 73-89. (Download PDF, document size 1.8 MB)
Cairns, B., E.E. Russell, and L.D. Travis 1999. The research scanning polarimeter: calibration and ground-based measurements. Proc. SPIE 3754, 186-197. (Download PDF, document size 916 KB)
Cairns, B., L.D. Travis, and E.E. Russell 1997. An analysis of polarization: ground-based upward looking and aircraft/satellite-based downward looking measurements. Proc. SPIE 3220, 103-115. (Download PDF, document size 1.7 MB)
Cairns, B., B.E. Carlson, A.A. Lacis, and E.E. Russell 1997. An analysis of ground-based polarimetric sky radiance measurements. Proc. SPIE 3121, 387-399. (Download PDF, document size 330 KB)
Cairns, B., M. Mishchenko, L. Travis and J. Chowdhary 2001. Reply to comment on "Retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using multispectral and multiangle photopolarimetri measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter". Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3277-3278. (Download PDF, document size 422 KB)
Cairns, B., E. E. Russell, J. D. LaVeigne, P. MW. Tennant. Research scanning polarimeter and airborne usage for remote sensing of aerosols. Proc SPIE 2003;5158:33-45. (Download PDF, document size 550 KB)
Chowdhary, J., B. Cairns, M. Mishchenko, and L. Travis 2001. Retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using multispectral and multiangle photopolarimetric measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 243-246. (Download PDF, document size 990 KB)
Chowdhary, J., B. Cairns, and L.D. Travis 2002. Case studies of aerosol retrievals over the ocean from multiangle, multispectral photopolarimetric remote sensing data. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 383-398. (Download PDF, document size 703 KB)
Chowdhary, J., B. Cairns, M.I. Mishchenko, and L.D. Travis 2004. Constraining aerosol single scattering albedos from multiangle, multisphectral photo-polarimetric observations over the ocean. Proc. SPIE 5571, 127-140. (Download PDF, document size 565 KB)
Chowdhary J., B. Cairns, M. I. Mishchenko, and L. D. Travis 2005. Using multi-angle, multispectral photo-polarimetry of the NASA Glory mission to constrain optical properties of aerosols and clouds: results from four field experiments. Proc. SPIE 5978, 59780G. (Download PDF, document size 942 KB)
Chowdhary J., B. Cairns, M.I. Mishchenko, P.V. Hobbs, G.F. Cota, J. Redemann, K. Rutledge, B.N. Holben, and E. Russell 2005. Retrieval of aerosol scattering and absorption properties from photopolarimetric observations over the ocean during the CLAMS experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 1093-1118. (Download PDF, document size 953 KB)
Chowdhary, J., B. Cairns, and L.D. Travis 2006. Contribution of water-leaving radiances to multiangle, multispectral polarimetric observations over the open ocean: bio-optical model results for case 1 waters. Appl. Opt. 45, 5542-5567. (Download PDF, document size 4.5 MB )
Kaufman, Y.J., J. V. Martins, L. A. Remer, M. R. Schoeberl, and M. A. Yamasoe 2002. Satellite retrieval of aerosol absorption over the oceans using sunglint. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, doi:10.1029/2002GL015403. (Download PDF, document size 1.4 MB)
Koren, I., Y. J. Kaufman, L. A. Remer, and J. V. Martins 2004. Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation. Science 303, 1342-1344. (Download PDF, document size 575 KB)
Martins, J. V., D. Tanré, L. A. Remer, Y. J. Kaufman, S. Mattoo, and R. Levy 2002. MODIS Cloud screening for remote sensing of aerosol over oceans using spatial variability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, doi:10.1029/2001GL013252. (Download PDF, document size 710 KB)
Hansen, J. E., and L. D. Travis 1974. Light scattering in planetary atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 16, 527-610. (Download PDF, document size 7.5 MB)
Liu, L., and M.I. Mishchenko 2005. Effects of aggregation on scattering and radiative properties of soot aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D11211. (Download PDF, document size 574 KB)
Mishchenko, M.I., L.D. Travis, and A.A. Lacis 2002. Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (Access PDF version of the book)
Mishchenko, M. I., L. D. Travis, and A. A. Lacis, 2006: Multiple Scattering of Light by Particles: Radiative Transfer and Coherent Backscattering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (Front Matter: Download PDF)
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